THE TACTICS OF KAUNDA
AND HIS GOVERNMENT FUTILE ATTEMPT TO FORMALIZE THE

ANNEXATION OF BAROTSELAND

30 September 2010

NAKO I FITILE, KUPUMIWA KI HAMU


DETERMINATION TO DESTROY BAROTSELAND

Interestingly the liar Dr. Kaunda and his predefined plan to enslave Barotse Nationals was a long term scheme tailored to undermine prosperity in the Land of plenty; the land of our fore Fathers, Barotseland.

They were Determined, like a vulture, very patient, no matter how hungry, wait until last breath.
Let us swallow BAROTSELAND and its nation then will Barotseland be NO MORE…

INTEGRITY AND THE POWER OF WISDOM

Barotsis are by nature very Patient, (as the saying goes...  linoñu lililinwi hali matelwi) and full of wisdom.

Mr Kaunda should have thought aloud at the time so as to express his intent to ruin the Litungaship of Barotseland before signing the Barotseland Agreement 1964, but he was overwhelmed by power to take Barotseland.



KAUNDA RETURNING FROM HIS TRIP WHERE HE SIGNED THE BAROTSELAND AGREEMENT IN BRITAIN IN 1964
He cunningly remained in office from 24 October 1964 to 2 November 1991, 27 years of stagnating dictatorship

The Communist Pig Kenneth Kaunda on August 1964 Proclaimed a State of Emergency that was retained until 1991

INTRODUCTION

Barotseland is a geo-African country that has been in existence for over 500 years. The Barotse nation is natural and organic. It is not artificial creation of foreigners as many African countries are. It is a lingo nation with outstanding culture or custom. The people have one common language. The state progressed and evolved overtime from primitive life to advanced level just like any society in the world, they have their norms and values.

RETROSPECT

Mbuyu a female was the founder of the Lwiizi dynasty around 1300 AD. When power was handed over to the male folk, the kingdom divided into the northern and southern Kingdoms. King Mwanambinyi who established the southern kingdom expanded his territory towards the south; so did Kabinga to the west.

Successive Kings emerged one after another and among them were great kings who expanded the kingdom and eventually it became an empire comprising different people, prior to the coming of the Europeans.

The name Barotseland came into usage around1840s, when all the people of Lwiizi territory were called "Barotse" by the Sotho speaking people who invaded the territory.


Kenneth Kaunda acting like a King placing his photo on banknotes

PARTITION OF AFRICA 1870-1905

At the time of the partition or scramble for Africa, Barotseland was recognized as such by white colonists. In 1889 the King of Barotseland asked for protection from Britain.

Mr. John Cecil Rhodes a British established British South Africa Company in South Africa, he became the prime minister of Cape colony in 1890.

Sir Henry Loch was governor and High Commissioner of Britain in South Africa in 1890.

Britain secured territories in Africa by the help of charted company. Johnstone stated that" territories North of Zambezi; with exception of the Barotse, must be under one head, "however rival administrations were initiated by the B.S.A company, such that one part referred to the area around lake Mweru, Luapula , lake Tanganyika and other area included North- West part of Kafue river.

The name Rhodesia was given to the territories in central Africa in honour of Cecil Rhodes.

Sir H. H. Johnstone, was appointed High Commissioner for Nyasaland in 1891.H.H.Johnstone Her Majesty's commissioner and Consul General for the territories under British influence North of the Zambezi asserted as follows:-

“Mr. Sharpe's journeys were supplemented by those of Morris Joseph Thomson and J.A. Grant, besides the journeys of Mr. Lochner through the Barotse country which I had nothing to do”. Commissioner Johnstone's letter to Earl of Rose bury in October 1892 from Zomba, read:-

North-Western Rhodesia was created and so named in 1894, it was an integral part of Barotseland.

In 1900, the Barotse King signed a binding treaty with the British, Coryndon the administrator of North-Western Rhodesia was given instructions to maintain friendly relation with the Barotse King and people.

 


Kenneth Kaunda acting like a King placing his photo on postage stamps

REFLECTION

It is generally believed that Ethiopia and Liberia were two African States that were not colonized, implying that they ruled themselves. Even Barotse were not colonized. When the BSA company was given statutory power of administration under North Eastern Rhodesia order in Council of 1900 King Lewanika had already signed an agreement with the British to the effect that no constitutional power shall be taken away from him.

The British High Commissioner in South Africa was a High Commissioner in South Africa and was a British representative in South Africa as well as being a High Commissioner for protectorates of Bechuanaland, Basutoland Swaziland and Barotseland.

Northern Rhodesia was created in 1911 by B.S.A Company and was ruled by the Administrator. The company relinquished power over Northern Rhodesia in 1924. The power jurisdiction or authority that vested in the High Commissioner was deemed to have been transferred to the Governor, similarly the power, authority and jurisdiction of the Administrator of Northern Rhodesia was transferred to the Governor as well.

Northern Rhodesia was declared a crown colony in 1924. The two territories of Barotseland and Northern Rhodesia were administered as a protectorate and a colony respectively. However, the Governor still remained an agent of Britain in Barotseland. Yes, he was the Governor of Northern Rhodesia as well as acting like a British High Commissioner to Barotseland in lieu of the British High Commissioner in Cape.

The constitutional power or authority of the Litunga as a King was expressly preserved. When Britain assumed full power of Government over Northern Rhodesia in 1924, the Order - in - council which constituted the administration of the territory, enjoined that nothing in the provisions conferring power to regulate the natives shall be deemed to limit or affect the exercise by the King of Barotseland of his authority:{1911,1924,1929,1936,1953 Laws} N.B. Article 41 of the Northern Rhodesia Order - in - Council of 1924 reads:

  1. It shall not be lawful for any purpose whatever except with the approval of the Secretary of State to alienate from the Chief and people of the Barotse, the territory reserved from prospecting by virtue of the concessions from Lewanika to the British South Africa Company dated the 17th day of October, 1900 and the 11th of August 1900 and the 11th of August, 1909.

  2. All rights reserved to or for the benefits of natives by the aforesaid concessions as approved by secretary of State shall continue to have force and effect.


In 1928, laws were enacted, which declared the Northern Rhodesia as crown land with some reserve and trust land. The special position thus bestowed on Barotseland was continued by all successive Orders - in - Council, and other, legislation. Thus when the first native authority ordinance was enacted in 1929 giving the Governor of Northern Rhodesia power to constitute the Chiefs as statutory native authority for their respective areas, it was expressly provided that the Governor's power to appoint and remove Chiefs and institute an inquiry into dispute succession to Chieftainship should not apply to Barotseland. The separateness of Barotseland was pushed a stage further when in 1936 Native Administration was established under a complete separate legislation; namely the Barotse Native Authority ordinance and the Barotse Native courts ordinance.

On the throne in Barotseland was Yeta III. In 1947 Blacks were admitted to legislative council. In 1952 Queen Elizabeth II ascended to the throne in England.

In April 1953 Governor Rennie flew to Limulunga; he went to consult the Barotse King then Mwanawina III over the formulation of a federation. When the federation was formed, Barotseland was confirmed a protectorate of Britain as in 1924.

N.B.

  1. The 1953 northern Rhodesia order-in – council states “where as it is expedient that the said territory of Barotseland should be declared to be and should be styled Barotseland protectorate.”

  2. The Northern Rhodesia order-in Council {constitution} during the federation 1953 also reads;

S, 112 (2) “all rights of whatever kind reserved to or for the benefit of the native by the concessions from Lewanika King of Barotseland to the British South Africa Company dated the 17th October 1900 and of 11th August 1909 respectively as approved by the secretary of state and as varied from time to time by any agreement to which Her majesty or the Governor with the approval of a secretary of state is part, shall continue to have full force and effect”

So the agreement between the Litunga and Her Majesty’s Government, relating to Barotse Native Authority and Barotse Native counts were signed in 1954

In 1957 the Barotse Constitution was formalized.

The sovereignty of Barotseland continued until 1964.

Article 41 of the Northern Rhodesia order-in-council of 1924 was transposed or reinforced by the Northern Rhodesia constitution in 1963; under section 112 (I) whose provision stated as follows:-

“It shall not be lawful for any purpose whatever, to alienate from the chief and people of the Barotse the territory reserved from prospecting by virtue of the concessions from Lewanika to B.S.A Company dated the 17th October, 1900 and the 11 August, 1909.”

ORGANOGRAM
BAROTSE NATIVE GOVERNMENT (ADMINISTRATION)
SINCE 1864 to 1964

 



 

1

BULOZI FASI LA BONDAT'A LUNA, HAL'A MAFASI LE LINDE KILONA, KI MO LU PEPEWI, KI MO LU HULEZI, MI LWA LI LATA.

2

BALICHABA NIHA BA KA LI NYAZA, KU LUNA, KI LIFASI LE LU LATA. LI NA NI MASIMU, LI NA NI LIKOMU, FASI LA LUNA

3

NI HA LU SA TOKWA LINTO ZE ÑATA, ZE LU LI UTWA KU ZE ÑWI LICABA HA LU NA NI LINUKA, MUSHITU, LIBALA, KWALU LIKANA.

4

MANE, NI LONA LIFASI LA LUNA LI SE LI ZIBA LINZWI IA MULENA; LU SE LU LAPELA, BUMASWE BWA FELA, SE LU LATANA.

5

JESU KALE, U FELISIZE LINDWA, FELISIZE CWALO LUNYA,MASWENYEHO, OHO LIFASI LE LA BONDAT'A LUNA,  LI BE KOZO.

6

IMUTAKWANDU MULENA MUHULU
MPO YE NE LU KETEZWI KI MULIMU
HA LU PUNYUHIIE, HA LU IKETILE,
KI LEWANIKA!

COERCION

N.B. But this has become obsolete or rendered irrelevant by invaders.

The government was replaced and changed to an agent of foreign power and its’ role is to organise ceremonies now.

LOZI INTERPRETATION

World = Lifasi loote

Country = Lifasi

Province = Naha

Region or District = Silalo

Village = Munzi

BAROTSELAND’S RELATION
 

BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY

  1. Protectors in Barotseland

  2. Agents of Britain

  3. Consulting

  4. Good

1899 - 1924

BRITISH GOVERNMENT

  1. Protectors

  2. Relation based on agreements

  3. Better

1924 - 1953
FEDERATION OF RHODESIA AND NYASALAND
 

1953 - 1963

NORTHERN RHODESIA

  1. Established federal system

  2. Honesty and respectful

  3. Mutual co-operation

  4. Fair

1963-1964

ZAMBIAN GOVERNMENT

  1. Coercive, deceivers, Dominant Oppressor, Colonizer

  2. Worse

  3. Rule by fear and intimidation, the pig Kenneth Kaunda on August 1964 Proclaimed a State of Emergency that was retained until 1991.

  4. Barotseland was reduced to Western Province. Barotse plains became Zambezi plains. The Lozi Kings
    became Chiefs.

1964- 2012


KINGDOM OF BAROTSELAND

  1. Free State of Barotseland

  2. Freedom

  3. Regaining of Sovereignty

  4. The Lozi Kings, Became Head of State and the Barotseland People became free.

 

Indirect rule was established by British government, handed down to Northern Rhodesia by B.S.A Company and Inherited by Zambia.

From 1864 to 1964, Barotseland enjoyed 100 years of liberty and her relation with Britain was regulated by Agreements. The identity and autonomy of Barotseland was lost in 1964 when she (Barotseland was shamefully betrayed by her protector out of malice. Britain handed over Barotseland to a new born Government of Zambia on the basis of an Agreement.

Precisely, on 18th, May 1964 exactly 100 years from 1864, the Barotseland agreement was concluded in London, between the Litunga of Barotseland and the prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia on the future position of Barotseland. According to this agreement

the Litunga was to be the principal local authority in Barotseland; meaning Barotseland had to continue with her autonomy. But being under the dosage of opium of Pan-

Africanism Kaunda who took over power from whites disregarded the agreement.

His Government was against its implementation for it would be at variance with Zambia Politics and interests, moreover they felt that its implementation would mean having two different system o£ 1ocal Government;' one applying to provinces of Zambia, the other to Barotseland; and. that would mean continuing with Barotse Native Authority Ordinance.

It is therefore evident that after signing the Barotseland Agreement, Kaunda could not have peace of mind, The agreement appeared to be a booby trap to him. In due course he contemplated abrogation of the agreement. Thus Kaunda consulted a white man called Mr Loggie to seek advice.

Mr Loggie offered alternatives to avoid conflict arising from the agreement. He drafted a.f.c. where he stated the alternatives without supporting violation of the agreement, in fact Mr Kaunda was urged to honour the agreement. But none of Mr Loggie piece of advice was heeded by Kaunda's Government.

Reference may be made to cabinet minutes {confidential 24/08/65 41st meeting; fo1io (81). Item 8 cab (65) 218.

BAROTSELAND AGREEMENT COMMITTEE ITEM 5 AND 6 VIZ, POLICY

The Barotseland agreement committee set up of which the task was to work:

  1. On the policy of avoiding reference to the Barotseland agreement.

  2. On the policy that minimum publicity should be given to the local government bill (act) that aimed at undermining the Litunga's authority .

The main point of conflict would emanate from the act of vesting power, to' establish rural and urban councils on the minister in Barotseland. So there was: conspiracy against Barotse government that resulted into the Barotse native Authority. Ordinance cap 159 being repealed in 1965 by the local government act No 69

N.B.

  1. That act provided that its provisions shall apply in Barotseland not withstanding anything to the contrary, contained in the Barotseland agreement 1964

  2. Apart from the local Government act, the forest ordinance cap 105 that distinguished state land from Barotseland and the fish conservation ordinance cap 263 were equally amended. Surely these were aiming at alienating resources of Barotseland

  3. The local courts act No. 20 that was in conflict with the agreement was constituted in 1966.

  4. The historical grandeur of the Barotse Kingdom has been made to look like a fairy tale or fable. The reverence of Kingship has suffered such level of relegation and has lost international esteem, as to be only a localised symbol of Lozi tradition.

  5. Like any local chief, the Litunga's; functions are confirmed by chiefs act inter alia the act provides for the recognition of the Litunga ;however recognition can be withdrawn under the chiefs act by the president while the agreement states that withdrawal of recognition of the Litunga is according to customary law of Barotseland. {chapter 479}

  6. Under the same act, the Litunga has the function for preservation of public peace , which function does not satisfy the agreement.

  7. The name Barotseland was detested and banished in 1969 from use or map. Finally the constitution amendment act No. 36 of 1969 which obliterated the agreement and lastly the amendment act no 47 of 1970; legislation for compulsory acquisition of all land in Barotseland; and the land bill no 3 of 1995 that suggests and places land in Barotseland in the president, were all meant to render Litungaship and all institutions of Barotseland absolutely irrelevant.

  8. Barotse Fund Ordinance cap 60 was equally repealed

These laws are not only contemptuous, as they were made contrary to what was agreed upon but they enslave the Barotse people too. Really they were constituted against the will and expectation of the people of Barotseland. Lozis are not accustomed to draconian laws, as it can be noted from Northern Rhodesia order - in - council 1963-sec 59(1) which states:

“No law or instrument to which this section applies shall come into operation in Barotseland Protectorate, unless the Litunga and council signifies the consent to its having effect in the Protectorate". One is confronted with questions such as:-

  1. Where are the Lozis today?

  2. Who owns their land

  3. Who rules them and why?

As if this was not enough there is

A. Language distortion and erosion,
B. Resources plundering and
C. Culture erosion and Pollution

In 1964 October Barotseland was thrown into the deep waters of Zambia who had nothing to lose by all these adverse and deceitful plans!! It is shameful that Barotse have become a laughing stock against their will, nature and custom.

The forgone paragraphs are enough for the Barotse to establish a prima facie case to be presided by judge of Light
But the World is watching to see if she (Barotseland) shall one day survive.

FACING FACTS

The real situation about authority in Zambia is evident that it has no place for Litunga.
The structure is so tailored to reduce the power of the Litunga to number 10 that even a councillor has say in governance.

Zambian hierarchy


  1. Who is responsible for administration of Barotseland; is it the Litunga?

  2. The head of Western Province is not the Litunga!

  3. The Political head of the Province is the Deputy Minister who belongs to he political party whose task is to solve problems in the entire Province

  4. Is the role of the Litunga defined in Zambia?

  5. What is he?

LAND TENURE DURING COLONIAL RULE

Reserves were introduced in 1928. Reserve land was land colonialists reserved or set side for Africans. European's were not allowed to settle in reserve land. A land commission was appointed in 1942, to recommend what areas could become trust land

Trust land means, land being held by Government in trust for Africans

The same year 1942, the excision of North-western Rhodesia from Barotseland took place. At that time reserve land according to 1928 orders became over crowded; and further land or areas were needed under customary tenure because land was Inadequate or Africans need.

Certain complete districts of the territories were deemed to be trust land, vested in the secretary of state for colonies and were set apart for the use by Africans. All the areas recommended by the land commission were reserve/Trust land: the remaining area of the Northern Rhodesia that is excluding Barotseland, were the land that belonged to the British Crown, for non African settlement.

Land was defined by order-in council of 1947 as follows;

  1. Native Reserve Areas

  2. Native Trust land areas

  3. Crown Land areas

  4. Barotseland Protectorate

N.B. Crown land were in Mkushi, Lwangwa and Abercon in Northern Rhodesia- Trusty Land was introduced in Nyasaland. Reserve and Trust land were defined by gazette as per:

    1. Crown and Reserve orders 1928-1964

    2. Northern Rhodesia Trust Land order 1947-1964

ZAMBIAN LAW

N.B. Crown land became state land according to Zambian law. Reserve and Trust land are no longer there. Currently there are:-

  1. State land

  2. Customary land

All these belong to the President; Land act No 3 of 1995 states that the customary law which is inconsistent with this article is null and void. So customary law is rendered useless by this provision.

Surprisingly Barotseland is now a customary land area, which simply means placed under the law of reserve and trust land which law did not apply to Barotseland! Zambia relies on prender:

PRENDER is the power of taking a thing without it being offered. How can land in Barotseland be vested in the president? This is diabolic and preposterous.

N.B.
“There are 92 farms in southern, central and eastern provinces whose land lords are either in Britain or Southern Africa”
Kaunda said, house of chiefs, 3 June 1969

But there were no white-land lords in Barotseland!

 

Contact us
Rt Hon Mwangelwa
Clerk of the Executive Council

barotseland.government@gmail.com


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